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Early history and constitutional change: Life in the UK Test study guide
A short summary of what to know, then 28 free practice questions with answers.
From Roman Britain to the union of England and Scotland in 1707: the invasions, dynasties and turning points that shaped the country's institutions.
What to know
The Roman conquest of Britain began in AD 43, leaving roads, towns and frontier works such as Hadrian's Wall in the north. After Roman rule ended, Angles, Saxons and other groups settled and formed kingdoms. In 1066 William of Normandy defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, and in 1086 a great survey of land and resources was recorded in the Domesday Book.
In 1215 King John agreed to Magna Carta, which became a lasting symbol of the idea that rulers are not above the law. In 1348 the Black Death killed a very large share of the population. The Wars of the Roses ended at Bosworth in 1485, when Henry Tudor became Henry VII.
Under the Tudors, Henry VIII broke with the Church in Rome and Elizabeth I's reign saw the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. In 1603 James VI of Scotland also became James I of England, sharing one monarch between the two kingdoms. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 tried and failed to blow up Parliament.
Conflict between Charles I and Parliament led to the English Civil War; Charles I was executed in 1649 and Oliver Cromwell later ruled as Lord Protector. The monarchy was restored under Charles II in 1660, and the Great Fire of London followed in 1666. The Bill of Rights of 1689 strengthened Parliament, and in 1707 England and Scotland were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single Parliament.
Key facts to remember
- AD 43: the Roman conquest begins.
- 1066: the Battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest.
- 1086: the Domesday Book survey.
- 1215: Magna Carta.
- 1485: Henry Tudor wins at Bosworth.
- 1588: the Spanish Armada is defeated in Elizabeth I's reign.
- 1603: one monarch for Scotland and England (James VI and I).
- 1649: Charles I is executed; 1660: the Restoration under Charles II.
- 1666: the Great Fire of London.
- 1707: England and Scotland unite as Great Britain with one Parliament.
Sources we checked
This summary is our own and doesn’t replace the official handbook. We checked it against English Heritage: the story of England, The National Archives: Domesday Book, UK Parliament: the Bill of Rights and UK Parliament: Act of Union 1707. Read the matching part of the handbook, then test yourself below. Next topic: Modern history and discoveries.
Written by ChowChow Labs and checked against public sources. Last reviewed 1 Nov 2026. Spotted a mistake? Tell us.
Question 1 · Early history and constitutional change
Which TWO principles are associated with the 1689 Bill of Rights?
Choose TWO answers
- A. The abolition of Parliament
- B. Unlimited taxation by the monarch without Parliament
- C. Freedom of speech in Parliament
- D. Free parliamentary elections
Show answer
Answers: C. Freedom of speech in Parliament; D. Free parliamentary elections
The Bill of Rights strengthened Parliament through provisions including free elections and parliamentary freedom of speech. It did not establish universal adult suffrage.Source: Bill of Rights 1689
Question 2 · Early history and constitutional change
A timeline needs the year of King John’s first Magna Carta. Which date should be inserted?
- A. 1689
- B. 1215
- C. 1066
- D. 1832
Show answer
Answer: B. 1215
King John agreed to Magna Carta in 1215. It developed into an important symbol of limits on arbitrary authority; it did not create modern universal democracy.Source: Magna Carta
Question 3 · Early history and constitutional change
In 1603 the Scottish king also became king of England. Who was he?
- A. James VI and I
- B. Charles II
- C. Henry VIII
- D. William the Conqueror
Show answer
Answer: A. James VI and I
James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603. The shared monarch preceded the parliamentary union of 1707.Source: James VI and I
Question 4 · Early history and constitutional change
A timeline marks AD 43 as the start of a major conquest of Britain. Which power launched it?
- A. The Norman duchy
- B. The Ottoman Empire
- C. The Spanish Empire
- D. The Roman Empire
Show answer
Answer: D. The Roman Empire
The Roman conquest under Claudius began in AD 43. Roman rule left a substantial legacy of roads, towns and buildings.Source: Roman Britain
Question 5 · Early history and constitutional change
Which empire began its conquest of Britain in AD 43?
- A. The Spanish Empire
- B. The Roman Empire
- C. The Norman duchy
- D. The Ottoman Empire
Show answer
Answer: B. The Roman Empire
The Roman conquest under Claudius began in AD 43. Roman rule left a substantial legacy of roads, towns and buildings.Source: Roman Britain
Question 6 · Early history and constitutional change
A lesson connects King John and the barons with a charter agreed at Runnymede. In which year?
- A. 1215
- B. 1066
- C. 1689
- D. 1832
Show answer
Answer: A. 1215
King John agreed to Magna Carta in 1215. It developed into an important symbol of limits on arbitrary authority; it did not create modern universal democracy.Source: Magna Carta
Question 7 · Early history and constitutional change
Select TWO developments linked to the Bill of Rights settlement.
Choose TWO answers
- A. Free parliamentary elections
- B. Freedom of speech in Parliament
- C. The abolition of Parliament
- D. Unlimited taxation by the monarch without Parliament
Show answer
Answers: A. Free parliamentary elections; B. Freedom of speech in Parliament
The Bill of Rights strengthened Parliament through provisions including free elections and parliamentary freedom of speech. It did not establish universal adult suffrage.Source: Bill of Rights 1689
Question 8 · Early history and constitutional change
Which monarch was James VI in Scotland and James I in England?
- A. Henry VIII
- B. James VI and I
- C. Charles II
- D. William the Conqueror
Show answer
Answer: B. James VI and I
James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603. The shared monarch preceded the parliamentary union of 1707.Source: James VI and I
Question 9 · Early history and constitutional change
Which year belongs beside the original Magna Carta rather than the Bill of Rights?
- A. 1832
- B. 1215
- C. 1066
- D. 1689
Show answer
Answer: B. 1215
King John agreed to Magna Carta in 1215. It developed into an important symbol of limits on arbitrary authority; it did not create modern universal democracy.Source: Magna Carta
Question 10 · Early history and constitutional change
Which TWO ideas belong with the 1689 Bill of Rights?
Choose TWO answers
- A. Free parliamentary elections
- B. Freedom of speech in Parliament
- C. Unlimited taxation by the monarch without Parliament
- D. The abolition of Parliament
Show answer
Answers: A. Free parliamentary elections; B. Freedom of speech in Parliament
The Bill of Rights strengthened Parliament through provisions including free elections and parliamentary freedom of speech. It did not establish universal adult suffrage.Source: Bill of Rights 1689
Question 11 · Early history and constitutional change
A museum room about the invasion under Emperor Claudius belongs to which period?
- A. The Norman duchy
- B. The Ottoman Empire
- C. The Roman Empire
- D. The Spanish Empire
Show answer
Answer: C. The Roman Empire
The Roman conquest under Claudius began in AD 43. Roman rule left a substantial legacy of roads, towns and buildings.Source: Roman Britain
Question 12 · Early history and constitutional change
A timeline describes one monarch succeeding Elizabeth I while already ruling Scotland. Which monarch?
- A. Henry VIII
- B. William the Conqueror
- C. Charles II
- D. James VI and I
Show answer
Answer: D. James VI and I
James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603. The shared monarch preceded the parliamentary union of 1707.Source: James VI and I
Question 13 · Early history and constitutional change
Choose TWO principles strengthened by the Bill of Rights after the Glorious Revolution.
Choose TWO answers
- A. Freedom of speech in Parliament
- B. The abolition of Parliament
- C. Free parliamentary elections
- D. Unlimited taxation by the monarch without Parliament
Show answer
Answers: A. Freedom of speech in Parliament; C. Free parliamentary elections
The Bill of Rights strengthened Parliament through provisions including free elections and parliamentary freedom of speech. It did not establish universal adult suffrage.Source: Bill of Rights 1689
Question 14 · Early history and constitutional change
Who linked the English and Scottish crowns in 1603 without creating the 1707 parliamentary union?
- A. James VI and I
- B. Henry VIII
- C. William the Conqueror
- D. Charles II
Show answer
Answer: A. James VI and I
James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603. The shared monarch preceded the parliamentary union of 1707.Source: James VI and I
Question 15 · Early history and constitutional change
A museum marks the first issue of Magna Carta under John. Which date is appropriate?
- A. 1832
- B. 1215
- C. 1689
- D. 1066
Show answer
Answer: B. 1215
King John agreed to Magna Carta in 1215. It developed into an important symbol of limits on arbitrary authority; it did not create modern universal democracy.Source: Magna Carta
Question 16 · Early history and constitutional change
A learner connects AD 43 with roads and settlements built by which invading power?
- A. The Roman Empire
- B. The Norman duchy
- C. The Spanish Empire
- D. The Ottoman Empire
Show answer
Answer: A. The Roman Empire
The Roman conquest under Claudius began in AD 43. Roman rule left a substantial legacy of roads, towns and buildings.Source: Roman Britain
Question 17 · Early history and constitutional change
A history display describes a devastating plague arriving in England in 1348. Which event is this?
- A. The Great Fire of London
- B. The Battle of Britain
- C. The Blitz
- D. The Black Death
Show answer
Answer: D. The Black Death
The Black Death reached England in 1348 and caused very large loss of life. It had major social and economic effects.Source: Medieval England
Question 18 · Early history and constitutional change
A visitor explores a frontier wall built by Roman forces in northern England. Which site is this?
- A. The Palace of Westminster
- B. The Berlin Wall
- C. Hadrian’s Wall
- D. Offa’s Palace
Show answer
Answer: C. Hadrian’s Wall
Hadrian’s Wall was a Roman frontier installation in northern Britain. It is not the modern border between England and Scotland.Source: Hadrians Wall facts
Question 19 · Early history and constitutional change
A history lesson describes conflict between Charles I and Parliament in the 1640s. Which event is being studied?
- A. The English Civil War
- B. The Napoleonic Wars
- C. The First World War
- D. The Crimean War
Show answer
Answer: A. The English Civil War
The English Civil War involved conflict between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces. Charles I was later tried and executed in 1649.Source: English Civil War and Protectorate
Question 20 · Early history and constitutional change
Which TWO statements describe the 1707 union?
Choose TWO answers
- A. England and Scotland formed the Kingdom of Great Britain
- B. All four modern UK nations first became independent states
- C. The Republic of Ireland joined the European Union
- D. A single Parliament of Great Britain was created
Show answer
Answers: A. England and Scotland formed the Kingdom of Great Britain; D. A single Parliament of Great Britain was created
The 1707 union joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland as Great Britain with one Parliament. It was distinct from the earlier union of crowns.Source: Act of Union 1707 key dates
Question 21 · Early history and constitutional change
Which conflict placed the King’s forces against Parliament’s forces in seventeenth-century England?
- A. The English Civil War
- B. The Napoleonic Wars
- C. The First World War
- D. The Crimean War
Show answer
Answer: A. The English Civil War
The English Civil War involved conflict between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces. Charles I was later tried and executed in 1649.Source: English Civil War and Protectorate
Question 22 · Early history and constitutional change
Choose TWO accurate facts about the parliamentary union of 1707.
Choose TWO answers
- A. All four modern UK nations first became independent states
- B. A single Parliament of Great Britain was created
- C. England and Scotland formed the Kingdom of Great Britain
- D. The Republic of Ireland joined the European Union
Show answer
Answers: B. A single Parliament of Great Britain was created; C. England and Scotland formed the Kingdom of Great Britain
The 1707 union joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland as Great Britain with one Parliament. It was distinct from the earlier union of crowns.Source: Act of Union 1707 key dates
Question 23 · Early history and constitutional change
Which medieval disaster sharply reduced the population in the fourteenth century?
- A. The Black Death
- B. The Great Fire of London
- C. The Blitz
- D. The Battle of Britain
Show answer
Answer: A. The Black Death
The Black Death reached England in 1348 and caused very large loss of life. It had major social and economic effects.Source: Medieval England
Question 24 · Early history and constitutional change
Which wall is associated with Rome’s northern frontier in Britain?
- A. The Palace of Westminster
- B. Offa’s Palace
- C. The Berlin Wall
- D. Hadrian’s Wall
Show answer
Answer: D. Hadrian’s Wall
Hadrian’s Wall was a Roman frontier installation in northern Britain. It is not the modern border between England and Scotland.Source: Hadrians Wall facts
Question 25 · Early history and constitutional change
A museum contrasts Royalists and Parliamentarians. Which war supplies the context?
- A. The Crimean War
- B. The First World War
- C. The Napoleonic Wars
- D. The English Civil War
Show answer
Answer: D. The English Civil War
The English Civil War involved conflict between Royalist and Parliamentarian forces. Charles I was later tried and executed in 1649.Source: English Civil War and Protectorate
Question 26 · Early history and constitutional change
A learner sees references to plague and widespread deaths in 1348–49. Which event is meant?
- A. The Great Fire of London
- B. The Blitz
- C. The Black Death
- D. The Battle of Britain
Show answer
Answer: C. The Black Death
The Black Death reached England in 1348 and caused very large loss of life. It had major social and economic effects.Source: Medieval England
Question 27 · Early history and constitutional change
Which TWO changes belong to the creation of Great Britain in 1707?
Choose TWO answers
- A. All four modern UK nations first became independent states
- B. The Republic of Ireland joined the European Union
- C. A single Parliament of Great Britain was created
- D. England and Scotland formed the Kingdom of Great Britain
Show answer
Answers: C. A single Parliament of Great Britain was created; D. England and Scotland formed the Kingdom of Great Britain
The 1707 union joined the kingdoms of England and Scotland as Great Britain with one Parliament. It was distinct from the earlier union of crowns.Source: Act of Union 1707 key dates
Question 28 · Early history and constitutional change
A guide describes an ancient Roman wall stretching across northern England. Which site fits?
- A. The Palace of Westminster
- B. Offa’s Palace
- C. Hadrian’s Wall
- D. The Berlin Wall
Show answer
Answer: C. Hadrian’s Wall
Hadrian’s Wall was a Roman frontier installation in northern Britain. It is not the modern border between England and Scotland.Source: Hadrians Wall facts
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